Models of industrial symbiosis formation

Industrial symbiosis is actively being developed and implemented in various countries as a tool to reduce the negative impact of business activity on environment. There are more than 30 examples industrial world: Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Japan, China, USA, Brazil, Russia, etc. Existing studies have determined that practical implementation concept occurs, rule, two ways: chaotically / spontaneously or planned mode. The purpose this study identify main models formation development based organizational form its participants (commercial/non–commercial). objectives research work consolidation analysis foreign Russian practices forming symbiotic chains, forms existing symbioses, comparative identified examples, visualization chains potential interactions conditions. As result, five were described. may be interest industry specialists experts, facilitators, sustainable managers others while planning regions Federation.